PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID
Folic acid
CAS: 59-30-3
Molecular Formula: C19H19N7O6
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Names and Identifiers
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C19H19N7O6 |
| Molar Mass | 441.4 |
| Density | 1.4704 (rough estimate) |
| Melting Point | 250 °C |
| Boling Point | 552.35°C (rough estimate) |
| Specific Rotation(α) | 20 º (c=1, 0.1N NaOH) |
| Water Solubility | 1.6 mg/L (25 ºC) |
| Solubility | Soluble in hot dilute hydrochloric acid and sulfur, slightly soluble in acetic acid, phenopyridine, hydroxide and carbonate solution, slightly soluble in methanol, insoluble in ethanol and butanol, insoluble in ether, acetone, chloroform and benzene. |
| Appearance | Light orange crystal |
| Color | Yellow to orange |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Merck | 14,4221 |
| BRN | 100781 |
| pKa | pKa 2.5 (Uncertain) |
| Storage Condition | 2-8°C |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with heavy metal ions, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents. Solutions may be light and heat sensitive. |
| Sensitive | Sensitive to light |
| Refractive Index | 1.6800 (estimate) |
| MDL | MFCD00079305 |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Yellow or orange-yellow crystalline powder. Odorless and tasteless. Heated to about 250 ° C, the color gradient deep, and finally into a black gum. Not soluble in water and ethanol. Slightly soluble in methanol. Soluble in acidic or alkaline solutions. |
| Use | Anti-anemia drug for symptomatic or nutritional giant cell anemia. |
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R33 - Danger of cumulative effects R62 - Possible risk of impaired fertility R68 - Possible risk of irreversible effects |
| Safety Description | 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. |
| WGK Germany | 1 |
| RTECS | LP5425000 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 8 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 29362900 |
| Toxicity | A water soluble vitamin required in the diet of mammals. Sulfonamide drugs are selectively toxic to bacteria because they inhibit the incorporation of p-aminobenzoic acid into folic acid, a biosynthetic process in bacteria. Folic acid deficiency adversely affects prenatal development in humans. Dietary supplementation with folic acid dramatically reduces the incidence of neural tube defects in humans. Folic acid deficiency may also contribute to the causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anemia and a consequence of this is that this disease can be induced, as a side effect, when methotrexate, a folic acid antagonist, is used in cancer chemotherapy |
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Reference
| Reference Show more | 1. Zhang Zhenming, Chen Da, Tan Chaolan, et al. Synthesis of calcium 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by one-pot method [J]. Journal of Huaihai Institute of Technology: Natural Science Edition, 2018, 27(04):47-51. 2. Shang Yinghui, Liu Xinjun, Huang Hanchang, Lao Fengxue. Microbiological determination of folic acid in infant dairy products [J]. Journal of Food and Biotechnology, 2018,37(07):727-731. 3. Zhang Jian, Shang Yinghui, Li Tang, Liu Dongying. Comparison of the content of folic acid in the yolk of foreign and diesel eggs [J]. Journal of Beijing Union University (Natural Science Edition),2014,28(03):29-32. 4. Wang Meng, Zhang Jialing. Determination of folic acid in fruits and vegetables by fluorescence spectrometry [J]. Chinese food and nutrition, 2016, 22(03):40-42. 5. Xing Zhihua, Fang Guizhen, Su Ling, et al. Preparation and characterization of hydroxycamptothecin folate-chitosan nanoparticles [J]. Functional Materials, 2012, 43(B11):322-325. 6. Chen Yinbin, Wang Yufang, Hou Zhifang et al. Effects of Rg1 combined with B vitamins on NO release and Rg1 brain volume in mice with acute myocardial ischemia [J]. Specialty Research 2016(1):5-8. 7. Guo Gangjun, Hu Xiaojing, Xu Rong, etc. Effects of drying methods on nutrition, functional components and amino acid composition of Moringa oleifera leaves [J]. Food Science, 2018, 39(011):39-45. 8. Kai Wang. Study on the mechanism of the improvement of hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus by oral administration of heme six peptide [D]. Jilin University, 2020. 9. Mengsi Li, Caixia Wang, Liming Chen, Defang Liu,A novel electrochemiluminescence sensor based on resonance energy transfer system between nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots and boron nitride quantum dots for sensitive detection of folic acid,Analytica 10. Chen, Yin Bin, et al. "Effect of B- complex vitamins on the antifatigue activity and bioavailability of ginsenoside Re after oral administration." Journal of ginseng research 41.2 (2017): 209-214.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.03.006 11. Li, Xiangyu, et al. "Folate receptor-targeting mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorod nanoparticles for the synergistic photothermal therapy and chemotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis." RSC Advances 11.6 (2021): 3567-3574.https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA08689D 12. [IF=6.06] Yin Bin Chen et al."Effect of B- complex vitamins on the antifatigue activity and bioavailability of ginsenoside Re after oral administration."J Ginseng Res. 2017 Apr;41:209 13. [IF=2.786] Peihe Zheng et al."Influence of B- Complex Vitamins on the Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, and Ro After Oral Administration."J Med Food. 2017 Nov;20(11):1127-1132 14. [IF=9.381] Qian Du et al."A multiple environment-sensitive prodrug nanomicelle strategy based on chitosan graftomer for enhanced tumor therapy of gambogic acid."Carbohyd Polym. 2021 Sep;267:118229 15. [IF=6.558] Mengsi Li et al."A novel electrochemiluminescence sensor based on resonance energy transfer system between nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots and boron nitride quantum dots for sensitive detection of folic acid."Anal Chim Acta. 2019 Dec;1090:57 16. [IF=3.981] Wenhui Gao et al."Preparation and evaluation of folate-decorated human serum albumin nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of sorafenib to enhance antihepatocarcinoma efficacy."J Drug Deliv Sci Tec. 2019 Dec;54:101349 17. [IF=4.384] Xuena Li et al."Methotrexate-loaded folic acid of solid-phase synthesis conjugated gold nanoparticles targeted treatment for rheumatoid arthritis."Eur J Pharm Sci. 2022 Mar;170:106101 18. [IF=2.391] Wu Zhihao et al."Preparation of Monascus-fermented ginkgo seeds: optimization of fermentation parameters and evaluation of bioactivity."FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY. 2022 Apr;:1-10 |
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
yellow to orange crystal or crystalline powder, odorless. Soluble in alkaline solution, carbonate solution, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, phenol and pyridine, slightly soluble in water, insoluble in acetone, ethanol, ether and chloroform, the pH of the 10% aqueous suspension is 4.0-4.8. Stable in the air, the light is decomposed and lose physiological activity.
Last Update：2025-06-10 22:55:16
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
obtained by cyclization of 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, p-Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid and trichloroacetone in the presence of sodium acetate and sodium metabisulfite.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:09:37
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Standard
Authoritative Data Verified Data
This product is N-[4-[(2-amino -4-oxo-1, 4-dihydro-6-pteridine) methylamino] benzoyl] -L-glutamic acid. The content of C19H19N706 should be between 95.0% and 102.0% based on the water content.
Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Trait
Authoritative Data Verified Data
- This product is yellow to orange yellow crystalline powder; Odorless.
- This product is insoluble in water, ethanol, acetone, chloroform or ether; Soluble in sodium hydroxide solution or 10% sodium carbonate solution.
specific rotation
take this product, precision weighing, add 0.1 mol / L sodium hydroxide solution was dissolved and quantitatively diluted to prepare a solution containing about 10 mg per 1 ml, which was measured according to law (General 0621), and the specific rotation was +18 ° to +22 °.
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:37:30
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Application
Open Data Verified Data
used as a food fortifier. When folic acid is deficient, DNA synthesis must be inhibited, DNA synthesis of bone marrow erythroblasts is reduced, the rate of cell division is reduced, and the cell volume becomes larger. Mild folate deficiency may lead to depression, while severe can lead to megaloblastic anemia. Can be used for infants and young children food, the use of 380 ~ 700ug/kg; In pregnant women and lactating mothers for 2~4 mg/kg.
Last Update：2025-08-19 16:24:40
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Differential diagnosis
Authoritative Data Verified Data
- take about 0.4% mg of this product, add sodium hydroxide solution to shake to dissolve, add 1 drop of potassium permanganate test solution, shake and mix well, the solution shows blue-green; Under UV lamp, blue-green fluorescence.
- take this product, add 0.4% sodium hydroxide solution to make a solution containing about 10ug per lml, according to UV-visible spectrophotometry (General 0401), at 256nm, there is a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 283nm and 365nm ± 4nm, and the absorbance ratio at a wavelength of 256nm and 365mn should be 2.8 to 3.0.
- The infrared absorption spectrum of this product should be consistent with that of the control (Spectrum set 93).
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:37:30
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Exam
Authoritative Data Verified Data
Related substances
operation in the dark. Take about lOOmg of this product, put it in a 100ml measuring flask, add about 1ml of Ammonia Test Solution to dissolve it, dilute it to the scale with mobile phase, shake well, and use it as a test solution. Take 1ml of precision, 100ml flask, diluted with mobile phase to scale, shake, as a control solution. Take 10mg of pteroic acid, put it in a 100ml measuring flask, add 0.lmol / L sodium carbonate solution 5ml and test solution 10ml, add mobile phase to dissolve and dilute to the scale, shake, according to the chromatographic conditions under the content determination item, take l0ul injection liquid chromatograph, the resolution of pteroic acid peak and folic acid peak should be greater than 4.0. Take 10 u1 of the test solution and the control solution respectively, inject the human liquid chromatograph, record the chromatogram to 3 times of the retention time of the main component peak. In the chromatogram of the test solution, the peak areas of pteroic acid and other individual impurities shall not be greater than 0.6 times (0.6%) of the main peak area of the control solution, the sum of the peak areas of each impurity other than the pteroic acid peak shall not be greater than 2 times (2.0%) the area of the main peak of the control solution. The peaks in the chromatogram of the test solution which were 0.05 times smaller than the main peak area of the control solution were ignored.
moisture
take this product about 0.lg, precision weighing, add three gas methane-anhydrous methanol (4:l) 5ml, according to the moisture determination method (General rule 0832 first method 1), water content should not exceed 8.5%.
ignition residue
not more than 0.1% (General rule 0841).
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:37:31
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Content determination
Authoritative Data Verified Data
- measured by high performance liquid chromatography (General 0512). Shod from light.
- chromatographic conditions and system suitability test using eighteen alkyl silane bonded silica gel as filler; Phosphate buffer (pH 5.0)(take potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2.0g, add water about 650ml dissolved, add 0.5mol/L tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution in methanol (15ml), 1 mol/L phosphoric acid solution (7ml) and methanol (5.0 ml), cool, and adjust the pH value to with 1 mol/L phosphoric acid solution or ammonia test solution, diluted to 1000ml with water) as mobile phase> detection wavelength at 280nm; Flow rate was 1.2ml per minute.
- determination method: take this product about 10 mg, weigh it accurately, put it in a 50ml measuring flask, add 0.5% ammonia solution about 30ml to dissolve, dilute it to the scale with water, shake it well, take 10ul injection liquid chromatograph, record chromatogram; Take folic acid reference substance, same method determination. According to the external standard method to calculate the peak area, that is.
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:37:32
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Category
Authoritative Data Verified Data
vitamins.
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:37:32
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Storage
Authoritative Data Verified Data
light shielding, sealed storage.
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:37:32
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Folic acid tablets
Authoritative Data Verified Data
This product contains folic acid (C19H19N7O6) should be labeled 90.0% ~ 110.0%.
trait
This product is yellow or orange-yellow.
identification
- take an appropriate amount of fine powder of this product (about 0.4mg of folic acid), add 20ml of 0.4% sodium hydroxide solution, shake to dissolve folic acid, filter; Take 10ml of filtrate, the same response was shown in the test for identification (1) under folic acid.
- the above-mentioned remaining filtrate was taken, diluted with an equal amount of 0.4% sodium hydroxide solution, and then subjected to the identification (2) test under the item of folic acid, showing the same results.
examination
- the related substances were protected from light. Take an appropriate amount of fine powder of this product (about 10 mg equivalent to folic acid), place it in a test tube with a plug, add 0.5% ammonia solution, heat it in a hot water bath for 20 minutes, shake it regularly to dissolve folic acid, and centrifuge it (4000 rpm). For 15 minutes, the supernatant was taken as a test solution. 1 ml was accurately measured, placed in a 100ml measuring flask, diluted to the scale with mobile phase, shaken, and used as a control solution, and measured according to the chromatographic conditions under the item of folic acid related substances. In the chromatogram of the test solution, the peak area of pteroic acid shall not be greater than 0.6 times (0.6%) of the main peak area of the control solution, and the peak area of a single impurity shall not be greater than the main peak area of the control solution (1.0% ) , the sum of the peak areas of each impurity other than the pteroic acid peak shall not be more than 3 times (3.0%) of the main peak area of the control solution. The peaks in the chromatogram of the test solution which were 0.05 times smaller than the main peak area of the control solution were ignored.
- Content uniformity (1) take 1 tablet of this product (5mg specification), according to the method under the content determination item, from the "25ml measuring bottle", determine and calculate the content according to law, the provisions shall be met (General rule 0941). (2) Take 1 tablet of this product (0.4mg specification), put it in a 10ml measuring flask, add about 5ml of 0.5% ammonia solution, heat it in a hot water bath for 20 minutes, shake it regularly to dissolve folic acid, and let it cool, dilute to scale with water, shake, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution; Take about 10mg of folic acid reference substance, weigh it accurately and put it in a 50ml measuring flask, add 0.5% ammonia solution to dilute to the scale, shake, take 2ml, put it in a 10ml measuring flask, dilute it with water to the scale, shake well, and use it as a reference solution. According to the chromatographic conditions under the item of folic acid content determination, 10 u1 of the test solution and 10 u1 of the reference solution are accurately measured and injected into the liquid chromatograph respectively, and the content is measured and calculated according to law, the provisions shall be met (General rule 0941).
- dissolution (1) take this product (5mg specification), according to the dissolution and release determination method (General 0931 first method), with phosphate buffer (pH 6.8 )900ml is dissolution medium, rotating at 100 rpm, operated according to law. After 45 minutes, the solution is taken, filtered, and the filtrate is taken according to UV-Vis spectrophotometry (General rule 0401), determine the absorbance at the wavelength of 281mn; Take the folic acid reference substance, precisely weigh, add the above dissolution medium to dissolve and quantitatively dilute to make a solution containing about Sfig in each lm l, and determine with the same method, the dissolution amount of each tablet was calculated. The limit is 70% of the labeled amount and shall be in accordance with the provisions. (2) take this product (0931 mg specification), according to the dissolution and release determination method (General third method), with phosphate buffer (pH6.8)100ml as dissolution medium, the rotation speed is 50 rpm, and the operation is carried out according to law. After 30 minutes, 10ml of the solution is taken, filtered, and the filtrate is taken according to UV-Vis spectrophotometry (General rule 0401), determine the absorbance at the wavelength of 281nm; Take the folic acid reference substance, precisely weigh, add the above dissolution medium to dissolve and quantitatively dilute to make a solution containing about 4ug per lml, and determine with the same method, the dissolution amount of each tablet was calculated. The limit is 75% of the labeled amount and shall be in accordance with the provisions.
- others shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions under the item of tablets (General rule 0101).
Content determination
operation in the dark. (1) Take 20 tablets of this product (5mg specification), Precision weighing, fine grinding, precision weighing an appropriate amount (about 5mg equivalent to folic acid), put it in a 25ml measuring flask, and add about 15ml of 0.5% ammonia solution, after heating in a hot water bath for 20 minutes, the folic acid was dissolved and allowed to cool by shaking, diluted with water until the scale is reached, shaken well, filtered, and the continued filtrate was taken as the test solution, according to the method under the item of folic acid content determination, obtained.
(2) take 50 tablets of this product (0.4mg specification), Precision weighing, fine grinding, precision weighing an appropriate amount (about 4mg equivalent to folic acid), put it in a 100ml measuring flask, and add about 0.5% ammonia solution, after heating in a hot water bath for 20 minutes, the folic acid was dissolved and allowed to cool by shaking, diluted with water until the scale is reached, shaken well, filtered, and the continued filtrate was taken as the test solution, according to the chromatographic conditions under the item of folic acid content determination, take 10u1 injection liquid chromatograph for accurate measurement, record the chromatogram; Take about 10mg of folic acid reference substance, weigh it accurately, put it in 50ml measuring flask, add 0.5% ammonia solution to dissolve and dilute to the scale, shake well, take 2ml, put it in a 10ml measuring flask, dilute it with water to the scale, shake well, and measure with the same method. According to the external standard method to calculate the peak area, that is.
category
Same as folic acid.
specification
(1)0.4mg (2)5mg
storage
light shielding, sealed storage.
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:37:33
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Daily intake
The National Department of Health and the U. S. Centers for Disease Control have given guidance: Pregnant women recommend a daily intake of 0.4 mg, never just choose high-dose folic acid supplements.
The U. S. Food and Drug Administration has set a safe upper limit for daily intake of folic acid for adults at 1 milligram, or 1000 micrograms.
Folic acid drugs should be kept in a dry, dark and cool place. Because folic acid see water, see Light will be decomposed.
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Uses and methods of synthesis
| identification test | a 0.4% sample solution is prepared with a 0.001% sodium hydroxide solution, and the maximum and minimum absorption wavelengths in the ultraviolet absorption spectrum should be the same as those of the same reference liquid phase prepared with Pharmacopoeia grade folic acid. The ratio of A256/A365 was 2.80~3.00. | |||||||||||||||
| content analysis | preparation of standard solution Pharmacopeia standard folic acid 30mg (on a dry basis) was precisely weighed and dissolved in an aqueous solution containing 2ml of ammonium hydroxide and 1g of sodium perchlorate per 100ml. The volume was quantitatively adjusted using the same solvent according to the injection volume used in the measurement procedure, and thus, the amount of folic acid analyzed by chromatography was 2 to 5 μg. The sample solution was prepared according to the standard solution method, and the sample was accurately weighed and adjusted to the same volume according to the standard solution method. The mobile phase was placed in a mL volumetric flask with 35.1g of sodium perchlorate, 1.40g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 7.0 ml of 1mol/L potassium hydroxide and 40ml of methanol, and mixed with water. The pH was adjusted to 7.2 with 1mol/L potassium hydroxide (to meet the requirements of the analysis system, the methanol concentration may be varied to suit the efflux time of folic acid). Chromatographic analysis system is commonly used at room temperature operation of high pressure liquid chromatography, equipped with a (25~30)cm x 4mm stainless steel column, the porous silicon or ceramic particles with a diameter of 5 to 10 μm are filled with a chemically bonded eighteen alkyl silane. The flow is correspondingly maintained at a pressure and flow rate to achieve the required resolution (see system suitability test below) and appropriate outflow time. A detector capable of absorbing UV at 254nm was used. System suitability solution a solution containing 1mg of each of the pharmacopoeia grade reference standard folic acid and pharmacopoeia grade calcium folinate was prepared using an aqueous solution containing 2ml of ammonium hydroxide and 1g of sodium perchlorate per 100ml as a solvent. The solution was filtered through a membrane filter with a porosity of <1 μm prior to use. Five injections of standard solution with the same volume (up to 25 μL) were separated by chromatography, and the peak response values were determined according to the detection steps. The relative standard deviation of the peak response value shall be calculated according to the formula 100 × (standard deviation/average peak response value), and shall not exceed 2%. A volume of 25 μL of the system-suitable solution was injected in the same manner. The resolution coefficient between calcium folinate and folic acid shall not be less than 3.6 according to the formula used in the general test of chromatograph for R (when using a special column, the resolution can be improved by reducing the amount of methanol in the mobile phase). Measurement procedure with an appropriate injection valve or high-pressure microinjector, the sample solution and the standard solution of equal volume (25#1 or less) are introduced into the chromatograph, and the response values of the main peaks obtained from the two solutions are measured. The folic acid (C19 H19N7O6) content (mg) in the sample was calculated as follows. Folic acid content/mg = Vc ×(Pu/Ps) Where V -- sample liquid volume, ml; c-concentration of pharmacopoeia grade folic acid in standard solution, mg/ml; Pu and Ps-are the main peak response values of the sample solution and the standard solution, respectively. |
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| toxicity | ld50500 mg/kg (rat, intravenous injection). Safe for use in food (FDA,& sect;172.345,2000) |
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| usage limit | GB 14880-94; Infant formula food 380~700 μg/kg; Special food for pregnant and lactating women 2000~4000 μg/kg. GB 2760-2002: food for pregnant women and breast milk 0.002 ~ 0.0075g/kg; Solid beverage 0.6~1.35mg/kg; Unwashed rice and flour 1000~3000 μg/kg; milk powder for pregnant women and nursing mothers 740 μg/100g (the label should indicate the use of 54g/d); Milk solid beverage 0.23~0.38mg/100g; ready-to-eat breakfast cereals 1000~2500 μg/kg; Jelly 50~100 μg/kg; Cocoa powder and other flavored nutritional solid beverages, 3000~6000g/kg (the corresponding nutritional milk drinks according to the dilution ratio to reduce the use of). FDA & sect;172.345,2000 (daily): Infant 0.1mg; Under 4 years old 0.3mg; Over 4 years old 0.4mg; Pregnant, lactating women 0.8mg. |
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| maximum allowable amount of food additive |
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| chemical properties | Orange needle-like crystals. No melting point, 250 C carbonization. Visible light stability, see UV light activity decreased, acid, alkali accelerated oxidative hydrolysis. Specific optical rotation [α]25D +23 °(0.5%,0.1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution). 0.1mol/L NaOH solution of this product has the maximum absorption at 256nm, 283nm and 365nm wavelengths. Do not dissolve in water, ethanol, ether and chloroform, methanol-soluble, soluble in acetic acid, pyridine, hydroxide and carbonate alkali solution. LD50 (rat, intravenous) 500 mg/kg. | |||||||||||||||
| purpose | biochemical research; Clinical drugs for vitamin B family, for the treatment of gestational and infantile giant cell anemia and other diseases. | |||||||||||||||
| purpose | anti-anemia drug, used for symptomatic or nutritional giant cell anemia. | |||||||||||||||
| purpose | used as biochemical reagents, also used in the pharmaceutical industry, such as | |||||||||||||||
| purpose | folic acid is an anti-anemia drug. Livestock and Poultry lack of folic acid, loss of appetite, growth is blocked, feather growth is poor. Dosage 0.5-1.0mg/kg. | |||||||||||||||
| purpose | as a food fortifier. Can be used for infant food, the use of 380~700g/mg; In pregnant women and lactating mothers in the use of food for 2~4 mg/kg. | |||||||||||||||
| purpose | Anti-anemia drugs; Also prevent most neural tube defects (NTDs).||||||||||||||||
| purpose | used as biochemical reagents; As a food fortifier; Also used in the pharmaceutical industry, such as | |||||||||||||||
| purpose | It is used in the polyamide industry for the preparation of nylons and also as a raw material for saturated polyurethanes. | |||||||||||||||
| purpose | purpose: Folic acid is used in feed, medicine and food, but mainly used in feed. | |||||||||||||||
| production method | from p-Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid, 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine and trichloroacetone in the presence of sodium metabisulfite and sodium acetate to maintain a pH of 3.4 to 3.6, temperature 36~40 deg C under the cyclization reaction 6h orange red folic acid precipitation. The product can also be obtained by condensation under similar conditions using α,β-dibromopropionaldehyde instead of trichloroacetone. | |||||||||||||||
| production method | folic acid was originally extracted from liver leachate and is now produced synthetically. Synthesis method can first synthesize pteridine nucleus, and then condensation with Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid to obtain folic acid, can also be from 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxy-sulfur, Alpha, Β-dibromopropionaldehyde and p-Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid were reacted in acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution to obtain crude folic acid. After purification, folic acid containing two molecules of crystal water was obtained. Similar to the latter synthesis, P-Aminobenzoyl glutamate, trichloroacetone and 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine sulfate ([1603-20-7]), in the presence of sodium acetate and sodium metabisulfite, maintaining pH 3.4-3.6, the temperature of 36-40 deg C under the conditions of cyclization reaction for 6H, that is, orange red folic acid precipitation. | |||||||||||||||
| production method | prepared from p-Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid, 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine and trichloroacetone in the presence of sodium metabisulfite and sodium acetate at PH3.4-3.6, temperature 36-40 deg C under the cyclization reaction for 6h, orange red folic acid precipitation. The product can also be obtained by condensation under similar conditions using α,β-dibromopropionaldehyde instead of trichloroacetone. |
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| production method | 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, 2, 3-dibromopropionaldehyde and p-Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid as the main raw material, obtained by condensation reaction. |
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Reference Information
| pH range of acid-base indicator discoloration | 4 |
| NIST chemical information | information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link) |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| Introduction | folic acid is an important group B water-soluble vitamin isolated from spinach in 1941, because the content of green leaves is very rich and named, also known as glutamic acid. There are several forms in nature, and the parent compound is a combination of three components: pyridine, P-aminobenzoic acid and glutamic acid. Folic acid contains one or more glutamyl groups, and most naturally occurring folic acid is in the form of polyglutamic acid. The biologically active form of folic acid is tetrahydrofolate. In fo-lacin, the Nomenclature Committee of the American Nutrition Society (CNAIN) collectively referred to folic acid and related compounds with folic acid biological activity. Biological activity is generally expressed in units of weight. folic acid is a dark yellow substance that is not readily soluble in water, and its sodium salt has greater solubility. It is stable to heat in neutral and alkaline solutions, whereas in acidic solutions decomposition occurs at temperatures above 100 °c. Folic acid and its sodium salts are destroyed in solution by light. folic acid isolated from liver and yeast mainly contains three or seven glutamic acid derivatives. folic acid in the diet is mostly a polyglutamic acid compound, which cannot be completely absorbed into the blood. The experiment was carried out with pteroyl polyglutamic acid labeled with 14C as the second glutamyl residue, which was decomposed into sphenoyl glutamic acid during absorption, with no radioactive folic acid in the serum and 14C in the exhaled breath. The breakdown of the polyglutamic acid chain takes place in the cells of the intestinal mucosa. Folic acid is stored in small amounts in the liver. In the pteridine nucleus, the 4-hydroxyl group is substituted for the amino group to become 4-amino folic acid, which is an antagonist of folic acid and hinders the synthesis of nucleic acid. |
| Chemical Structure | the structure of folic acid is composed of a pyridine, it is formed by a methylene bridge adjacent to p-aminobenzoic acid to form gallic acid (pteroyl), which is then combined with glutamic acid. FIG. 1 shows the molecular structure of folic acid. |
| physiological function | due to the importance of folic acid in the diet is gradually recognized, especially folic acid and birth defects, the research of cardiovascular disease and tumor is gradually in-depth, and folic acid has become an extremely important micronutrient. Since January 1, 1998, the United States has been mandatory in some cereal foods fortified with folic acid, FDA regulations every 1kg cereal (bread, flour, breakfast cereals, rice, etc.) fortified with 1.4mg folic acid (DHHS,1996). Therefore, it is necessary to update the DRIs of folic acid in the revision of RDA in 1988. The active form of folic acid is tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), and the reduction of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid by folate reductase requires NADPH, four hydrogen atoms are added at position 8. Tetrahydrofolic acid is a one-carbon group carrier, and one-carbon groups such as formyl, formaldehyde and methanol are supplied with formyl glutamic acid, purine, serine, glycine and the like. A carbon mass is incorporated into the N6 or N10 position of the tetrahydrofolate. In this form, folic acid plays an important role in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, the interconversion of amino acids, and certain methylation reactions. For example, the formyl group carried by tetrahydrofolic acid is used in the following reactions: ① carbon 2, 5 and 8 in purine synthesis; ② glycine is converted to serine; ③ methionine is formed by methylation of homocysteine; ④ thymidine is synthesized from uracil; ⑤ choline is synthesized from ethanolamine; (6) methylation of nicotinamide forms N'-methylnicotinamide, etc. A lack of folic acid in humans produces megaloblastic anemia, glossitis and Diarrhea. |
| absorption & intake | folic acid is absorbed actively and passively by diffusion, the absorption site is mainly in the upper small intestine. The absorption rate of reduced folic acid is higher, the more glutamyl group, the lower absorption rate, glucose and vitamin C can promote absorption. The absorbed folic acid is stored in the intestinal wall, liver, bone marrow and other tissues in the body, and is reduced by folate reductase with the participation of NADPH to tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA or FH4) with physiological activity, involved in the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine. Therefore, folic acid plays an important role in protein synthesis, cell division and growth, and promotes the formation of normal red blood cells. Deficiency can lead to decreased hemoglobin production in red blood cells, blocked cell maturation, resulting in megaloblastic anemia. Human intestinal bacteria can synthesize folic acid, it is generally not easy to lack. When malabsorption, metabolic disorders or long-term use of intestinal antibacterial drugs, can cause folic acid deficiency. folic acid is widely found in animal and plant food, rich in: viscera, eggs, fish and pear, beans, beet, spinach, cauliflower, celery, lettuce, citrus, nuts and beans food. When the daily intake of folic acid is maintained at 3.1 μg/kg per day, the body can have a proper amount of folic acid; The total daily intake of folic acid in pregnant women should be greater than 350 μg; the safe intake of infants in kg is similar to that of adults, that is, 3.6 μg/kg per day can meet the needs of growth and maintenance of normal blood picture. |
| metabolism | folic acid is excreted through urine and bile, it can be seen that the catabolism of folic acid is first oxidative cleavage, and then the amino benzoic acid is partially acetylated in the liver and then excreted. Most of the folic acid filtered by glomerular filtration can be reabsorbed in the proximal renal tubules, and the folic acid excreted by bile every day is about 100 μg. Folic acid excreted from bile can also be reabsorbed in the small intestine, so the amount of folic acid excreted is small, and the amount of folic acid excreted in the feces is difficult to determine because the intestinal bacteria can synthesize folic acid. The daily loss of folic acid in adults averages 60 μg, or 1 μg per 1kg of body weight. The metabolic requirement for folic acid is met by 60 μg of folic acid per day (Gailani,1970). |
| manifestation of folic acid deficiency | (1) megaloblastic anemia: folic acid deficiency first affects tissues with faster cell proliferation. Red blood cells are the cells with faster renewal rate in vivo, and the average life span is 120d. Folic acid deficiency goes through 4 stages: the first stage is early negative balance, the performance of serum folic acid is less than 3ng/mL(6.8nmol/L), but in vivo erythrocyte folic acid storage is still more than 200ng/mL(454nmol/L); In the second stage, Erythrocyte folic acid is less than 160ng/mL(363nmol/L); In the third stage, DNA synthesis defect, positive for in vitro deoxyuracil Inhibition Test, hypergranulocytopenia; Stage IV, clinical folate deficiency. Bone marrow erythroblasts divide and proliferate at a slower rate, stay in the megaloblastic stage and blocked maturation, increase in cell volume, increase in immature red blood cells, while causing a decrease in the synthesis of hemoglobin, the patient presented with megaloblastic anemia. (2) Lack of folic acid in pregnant women can increase the incidence of preeclampsia and placental abruption. Pregnant women with megaloblastic anemia are prone to intrauterine growth retardation, premature delivery and low birth weight of newborn. (3) folic acid deficiency in early pregnancy is the main cause of fetal neural tube defects. Neural tube closure is in the embryonic development of 3 to 4 weeks, folic acid deficiency can cause the neural tube can not close and lead to spinal bifida and anencephaly based neural tube defects. (4) folic acid deficiency can cause hyperhomocysteinemia. In the process of folic acid metabolism, the formation of 5-methyl tetrahydrofolic acid provides methyl to participate in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine after methylation. When folic acid is deficient, the formation of 5-methyl tetrahydrofolic acid is insufficient, the conversion of homocysteine to methionine is disturbed, which leads to the accumulation of homocysteine in the blood and the formation of hyperhomocysteinemia. High concentration of homocysteine can damage vascular endothelial cells and activate platelet adhesion and aggregation, so it is considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Adequate intake of folic acid has a certain preventive effect on the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. |
| toxicity | folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin B, but it may also produce side effects in large doses, including: (1) to interfere with the effect of anticonvulsant drugs induced seizures in patients. Folic acid and anticonvulsants may antagonize each other on the surface of intestinal cells and possibly on the surface of brain cells. High doses of folic acid may promote convulsion in patients who have been continuously controlled with anticonvulsants. (2) may affect the absorption of zinc (Butterworth,1989) and lead to zinc deficiency, resulting in fetal growth retardation and low birth weight. (3) masking the early manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency leading to damage to the nervous system. Since most patients with megaloblastic anemia have vitamin B12 deficiency, excessive folic acid intake interferes with the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency, potentially leading to severe irreversible nerve damage. for the above reasons, the US FDA has set the upper limit of safe daily folic acid intake at 1mg. A safe upper limit for folic acid-fortified staple foods has also been established. ld50500 mg/kg (rat, intravenous injection). Safe for use in food (FDA,§ 172.345,2000) |
| indications | folic acid is mainly used for nutritional, infantile or gestational megaloblastic anemia, it can also be used for the adjuvant treatment of "pernicious anemia" caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. This product can also be used for anemia caused by chemical substances (lead, benzene, etc.), in addition to food supplements and feed additives. small doses for pregnancy prevention, 3 months before pregnancy to early pregnancy during 3 months of use, can prevent most of the fetal neural tube defects. Pregnant women often supplement folic acid, can prevent neonatal weight, premature birth and infant cleft lip and palate and other congenital malformations; To prevent fetal brain, nerve defects is also very important. This information was edited by Xiaonan. |
| Human body requirements and food sources | the nutritional status of folic acid in human body is generally evaluated by the content in plasma or red blood cells. The normal value of adult male plasma was 6.8~27.2nmol/L(3~12 μg/ml), the average was 13.6nmol/L (6.0 μg/ml), red blood cells in the normal average value of 363.2nmol/L,(160ng/ml), less than 317.8nmol/L(140ng/ml) that is said to lack. The main form of folic acid in the serum is n6-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, while in the erythrocytes it is a polyglutamic acid derivative. The level of folic acid in serum indicates recent intake, while the level of folic acid in red blood cells indicates storage in the body. The minimum requirement for folic acid in adults is 100-200 μg per day. In order to ensure the good folic acid nutritional status of the human body, the daily dietary supply is: 400 μg for adults, 800 μg for pregnant women, 500 μg for nursing mothers, 30 μg for infants and children under the age of half, less than 1 year old 45 μg, 1~3 years old 100 μg, 4~6 years old 200 μg, 7~10 years old 300 μg. folic acid is widely found in green leafy vegetables, liver is rich in meat, eggs, fish, beans, cereals contain folic acid. Figure 2 shows the folic acid content of some commonly used foods in China (μg/100g). |
| drug interaction | high-dose folic acid can antagonize the antiepileptic effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone, it can significantly reduce the critical value of epileptic seizures and increase the frequency of seizures in sensitive patients. |
| identification test | prepare 0.4% sample solution with 0.001% sodium hydroxide solution, the maximum and minimum absorption wavelengths in the UV absorption spectrum should be the same as those of the same reference liquid phase formulated with Pharmacopoeia grade folic acid. The ratio of A256/A365 was 2.80~3.00. |
| note | (1) megaloblastic anemia caused by VB12 deficiency cannot be treated with folic acid alone. (2) preventive medication during pregnancy, should master the period of good use of medicine, according to the recommended dose, not too large; 1 months before pregnancy to early pregnancy within 3 months of folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects of the best effect, at this time is the development of fetal central nervous system. (3) oral administration of large doses of folic acid can affect the absorption of trace element zinc. (4) nutritional megaloblastic anemia is often associated with iron deficiency, and should be supplemented with iron, protein and other B vitamins. (5) maintenance therapy is generally not required unless patients with malabsorption. (6) to the goods and folic acid metabolites allergic disabled; Folic acid deficiency of anemia or unknown diagnosis of anemia disabled. |
| content analysis | preparation of standard solution the Pharmacopoeia grade folic acid 30mg (dry basis) was accurately weighed, dissolve in an aqueous solution containing 2ml of ammonium hydroxide and 1g of sodium perchlorate per 100ml. The volume was quantitatively adjusted using the same solvent according to the injection volume used in the measurement procedure, and thus, the amount of folic acid analyzed by chromatography was 2 to 5 μg. The sample solution was prepared according to the standard solution method, and the sample was accurately weighed and adjusted to the same volume according to the standard solution method. The mobile phase was placed in a mL volumetric flask with 35.1g of sodium perchlorate, 1.40g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 7.0 ml of 1mol/L potassium hydroxide and 40ml of methanol, and mixed with water. The pH was adjusted to 7.2 with 1mol/L potassium hydroxide (to meet the requirements of the analysis system, the methanol concentration may be varied to suit the efflux time of folic acid). Chromatographic analysis system is commonly used at room temperature operation of high pressure liquid chromatography, equipped with a (25~30)cm x 4mm stainless steel column, the porous silicon or ceramic particles with a diameter of 5 to 10 μm are filled with a chemically bonded eighteen alkyl silane. The flow is correspondingly maintained at a pressure and flow rate to achieve the required resolution (see system suitability test below) and appropriate outflow time. A detector capable of absorbing UV at 254nm was used. System suitability solution a solution containing 1mg of each of the pharmacopoeia grade reference standard folic acid and pharmacopoeia grade calcium folinate was prepared using an aqueous solution containing 2ml of ammonium hydroxide and 1g of sodium perchlorate per 100ml as a solvent. The solution was filtered through a membrane filter with a porosity of <1 μm prior to use. Five injections of standard solution with the same volume (up to 25 μL) were separated by chromatography, and the peak response values were determined according to the detection steps. The relative standard deviation of the peak response value shall be calculated according to the formula 100 × (standard deviation/average peak response value), and shall not exceed 2%. A volume of 25 μL of the system-suitable solution was injected in the same manner. The resolution coefficient between calcium folinate and folic acid shall not be less than 3.6 according to the formula used in the general test of chromatograph for R (when using a special column, the resolution can be improved by reducing the amount of methanol in the mobile phase). The measurement procedure is performed with an appropriate injection valve or high-pressure micro-injector, Equal volumes (25#1 or less) of the sample solution and the standard solution were introduced into the chromatograph, and the response values of the main peaks obtained from the two solutions were measured. The folic acid (C19 H19N7O6) content (mg) in the sample was calculated as follows. Folic acid content/mg = Vc ×(Pu/Ps) in the formula V -- sample liquid volume, ml;c -- the concentration of pharmacopoeia grade standard folic acid in standard solution, mg/ml; pu and Ps-are the main peak response values of the sample solution and the standard solution, respectively. |
| usage limit | GB 14880-94; Infant formula food 380~700 μg/kg, lactating women special food 2000~4000g/kg. GB 2760-2002: food for pregnant women and breast milk 0.002 ~ 0.0075g/kg; Solid beverage 0.6~1.35mg/kg; Unwashed rice and flour 1000~3000 μg/kg; milk powder for pregnant women and nursing mothers 740 μg/100g (the label should indicate the use of 54g/d); Milk solid beverage 0.23~0.38mg/100g; ready-to-eat breakfast cereals 1000~2500 μg/kg; Jelly 50~100 μg/kg; Cocoa powder and other flavored nutritional solid beverages, 3000~6000g/kg (the corresponding nutritional milk drinks according to the dilution ratio to reduce the use of). FDA § 172.345,2000 (daily): Infant 0.1mg; Under 4 years old 0.3mg; Over 4 years old 0.4mg; Pregnant and nursing women 0.8mg. |
| Use | biochemical research; Clinical medicine is vitamin B group, which is used for the treatment of gestational and infantile giant cell anemia. anti-anemia drugs, for symptomatic or nutritional giant cell anemia. used as a Biochemical reagent and also used in the pharmaceutical industry, etc. folic acid is an anti-anemia drug. Livestock and Poultry lack of folic acid, loss of appetite, growth is blocked, feather growth is poor. Dosage 0.5-1.0mg/kg. as a food fortifier. Can be used for infant food, the use of 380~700g/mg; In pregnant women and lactating mothers in the use of food for 2~4 mg/kg. anti-anemia drugs; Also prevent most neural tube defects (NTDs). used as a Biochemical reagent; As a food fortifier; Also used in the pharmaceutical industry, etc. used in the polyamide industry for the preparation of nylon, also used as a raw material for saturated polyurethane. use: Folic acid is used in feed, medicine and food, but it is mainly used in feed. substrate of dihydrofolate reductase |
| production method | by P-Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid, 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine and trichloroacetone in the presence of sodium metabisulfite and sodium acetate, maintain pH 3.4~3.6, temperature 36~40 deg C under the cyclization reaction 6h to obtain orange red folic acid precipitate. The product can also be obtained by condensation under similar conditions using α,β-dibromopropionaldehyde instead of trichloroacetone. folic acid was originally extracted from liver leachate and is now produced synthetically. Synthesis method can first synthesize pteridine nucleus, and then condensation with Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid to obtain folic acid, can also be from 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxy-sulfur, Alpha, Β-dibromopropionaldehyde and p-Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid were reacted in acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution to obtain crude folic acid. After purification, folic acid containing two molecules of crystal water was obtained. Similar to the latter synthesis, P-Aminobenzoyl glutamate, trichloroacetone and 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine sulfate ([1603-20-7]), in the presence of sodium acetate and sodium metabisulfite, under the conditions of maintaining pH 3.4-3.6, temperature 36-40 ℃, Ring reaction 6H, that is, the orange red folic acid precipitation. prepared from p-Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid, 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine and trichloroacetone in the presence of sodium metabisulfite and sodium acetate at PH3.4-3.6, temperature 36-40 deg C under the cyclization reaction for 6h, orange red folic acid precipitation. The product can also be obtained by condensation under similar conditions using α,β-dibromopropionaldehyde instead of trichloroacetone. with 2,4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, 2, 3-dibromopropionaldehyde and p-Aminobenzoyl glutamic acid as main raw materials, it is obtained by condensation reaction. |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
Last Update：2024-04-09 21:11:58
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Food sources
from the initial extraction and name of folic acid, it is known that folic acid is abundant in leafy vegetables. Whole grains of spinach, asparagus, turnip, cabbage, lettuce, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, soybeans, corn, lentils, peas, sunflower seeds, and other leafy vegetables. Fruits include cantaloupe, melon, banana, raspberry, grapefruit, strawberry, and orange juice, canned pineapple juice, tomato juice, and so on.... Animal food such as animal liver, kidney, poultry meat and eggs, such as liver, chicken, beef, mutton and so on are also rich in folic acid. However, due to the destruction of high temperature during cooking and the low absorption efficiency of folic acid, the daily diet is still difficult to meet the needs of folic acid in pregnant women. So pregnant women during pregnancy (even before pregnancy) supplementation of synthetic folic acid drugs is necessary. Studies have shown that taking folic acid in men can also increase sperm quality-reducing chromosomal defects and thus reducing the incidence of Down syndrome in newborns
Last Update：2024-04-09 15:16:14
PTEROYLMONOGLUTAMIC ACID - Overview
folic acid (English: folic acid, also known as vitamin B9 or Bc. First known as Vitamin M) is a water-soluble form of vitamin B9. The name folic acid is derived from Latin folium(meaning leaves). It was first extracted and purified from spinach leaves By Miller (H.K. Miller, 1941) and colleagues, and named folic acid. As an important one-carbon carrier, folic acid plays an important role in nucleotide synthesis, homocysteine re-methylation and many other important physiological metabolic functions. Folic acid therefore has a particularly important role in rapid cell division and growth processes such as infant development, pregnancy. Folic acid can promote the development and maturation of bone marrow cells to form normal red blood cells, thus avoiding bleeding.
Eric Watson of the University of Cambridge and colleagues found that folate deficiency not only causes illness in the offspring, but also affects alternate generations, causing the same problem.
Last Update：2024-04-09 20:48:19
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